禽流感(HPAI)的代价

The cost of avian influenza (HPAI)

美国自 2022 年 2 月起的 HPAI 疫情，截至 2025 年 1 月 15 日已影响 1.347 亿只禽鸟、1,410 个禽群（覆盖全部 50 个州）。仅 2022 年 2 月至 2025 年 2 月，USDA APHIS 就投入 18.11 亿美元用于疫情响应，可见生物安全直接关系经营存续。

The US HPAI outbreak since February 2022 had, by 15 January 2025, affected 134.7 million birds across 1,410 flocks in all 50 states. USDA APHIS spent $1.811 billion on response from Feb 2022 to Feb 2025 alone, showing that biosecurity directly decides whether an operation survives.

扑杀 + 彻底清洁消毒是法定根除流程

Depopulate + thorough clean & disinfect is the mandated eradication flow

USDA 的 stamping-out（扑灭）政策要求扑杀 infected 与 exposed 禽群后，对接触区域进行彻底清洁与消毒（C&D）方可复产。2024 年 12 月 30 日的临时最终规则进一步要求：复产前必须通过对接 APHIS 的生物安全审计。

USDA's stamping-out policy requires, after depopulating infected and exposed flocks, thorough cleaning and disinfection (C&D) of all contact areas before restocking. An interim final rule of 30 December 2024 further requires a biosecurity audit by APHIS before restocking.

病毒可随粉尘飘移、经共用设备间接传播

Virus travels on dust and via shared equipment

研究表明 H5N1 可借助粉尘颗粒空气传播，并通过人员、未清洁消毒的共用设备、鼠害等间接传入养殖场。因此清洁与消毒是生物安全第一道、也是最可控的防线。

Research shows H5N1 can move through the air on dust particles and enter farms indirectly via people, shared equipment that was not cleaned and disinfected, and rodents. Cleaning and disinfection are therefore the first and most controllable line of biosecurity defence.

清洁设备：高压清洗机（先去除有机物）

Cleaning gear: pressure washer (remove organic matter first)

消毒前必须先清除有机物——先用高压清洗机冲掉粪便、垫料与污物。有机物会中和消毒剂，只有表面清干净，后续消毒才有效。这是 C&D 流程的标准第一步。

Before disinfecting you must remove organics — flush away manure, litter and soil with a pressure washer first. Organic matter neutralises disinfectants, so only a clean surface makes the later disinfection effective. This is the standard first step of C&D.

消毒设备：不锈钢 / 气压喷雾器

Disinfection gear: stainless / pneumatic sprayer

用不锈钢或气压喷雾器，将合规消毒剂均匀喷洒到墙面、地面、设备与车辆表面，覆盖车辆出入、转群与装卸等高风险环节，形成持续的化学屏障。

Use a stainless or pneumatic sprayer to apply a compliant disinfectant evenly across walls, floors, equipment and vehicles, covering high-risk points such as vehicle entry, herd movement and loading.

粉尘与垫料：工业吸尘器

Dust and litter: industrial vacuum

用工业吸尘器收集干燥的垫料粉尘，减少扬尘与人员、畜禽的吸入暴露，也降低粉尘携带病毒在舍间传播的风险。

An industrial vacuum collects dry litter dust, reducing airborne exposure for people and animals and lowering the risk of virus carried on dust spreading between houses.

收尾擦拭：工业擦拭布/纸

Finishing: industrial wipes

设备表面、工具与运输车辆用工业擦拭布/纸收尾，去除残留消毒剂与污点，降低交叉污染，便于下一环节使用。

Finish equipment surfaces, tools and transport vehicles with industrial wipes to remove residual disinfectant and soil, cutting cross-contamination and preparing items for the next use.