为什么锂电清洁设备属于第9类危险品

Why lithium-powered cleaning machines are Class 9 dangerous goods

国际海事组织（IMO）通过《国际海运危险货物规则》（IMDG Code）将锂电池列为第9类杂项危险品（Class 9）。原因很直接：锂离子电池能量密度高，内含可燃有机电解液，一旦短路、受挤压或过热就可能进入热失控，且常规灭火手段难以扑灭。关键认知是——电池装在设备里，依然是危险品。很多买家以为整机出口就能按普货申报，这是最常见、也是代价最高的误判。一台 48V/100Ah 磷酸铁锂扫地机，电量为 48×100=4,800Wh，远超各类豁免阈值，必须全流程按危险品操作。

The International Maritime Organization classifies lithium batteries as Class 9 Miscellaneous Dangerous Goods under the IMDG Code. The reason is physical: lithium-ion cells combine high energy density with a flammable organic electrolyte, and a short circuit, crush or overheat event can trigger thermal runaway that is hard to extinguish by conventional means. The critical point buyers miss is this: a battery installed inside a machine is still dangerous goods. A 48V/100Ah LiFePO4 sweeper carries 4,800 Wh — far above any exemption threshold — and must be handled as DG end to end.

第一步：判定你的 UN 编号（UN3480 还是 UN3481）

Step 1: Determine your UN number (UN3480 or UN3481)

UN 编号决定后面所有的包装、标签与申报规则，判错则全盘错。锂离子电池分两类：UN3480 指电池单独出运（不含设备）；UN3481 指电池装在设备内（contained in equipment）或与设备同包装（packed with equipment）。锂金属电池对应 UN3090（单独）与 UN3091（装在设备内/与设备同包装）。整机出口的洗地机、扫地机、电瓶吸尘器绝大多数落在 UN3481；若买家单独加订备用电池组，那部分是 UN3480，规则更严（航空仅限全货机）。一票货同时包含整机与散装备用电池时，必须分别申报，不能合并处理。

The UN number drives every downstream rule on packaging, labelling and declaration. UN3480 covers lithium-ion batteries shipped standalone. UN3481 covers batteries contained in equipment or packed with equipment. Lithium-metal equivalents are UN3090 and UN3091. Complete floor scrubbers, sweepers and battery vacuums almost always fall under UN3481. If the buyer orders spare battery packs separately, those become UN3480, which is stricter — cargo aircraft only by air. When one shipment contains both machines and loose spare packs, they must be declared separately.

第二步：四份必备文件，缺一订不到舱

Step 2: Four documents, or you will not get a booking

① UN38.3 测试摘要——依据联合国《试验和标准手册》第38.3节的 8 项测试：T1 高度模拟、T2 温度试验、T3 振动、T4 冲击、T5 外部短路、T6 撞击、T7 过充、T8 强制放电，由 SGS、UL、TÜV、CMA 等认可实验室出具，一个电池型号一份报告，设计变更即失效；行业送检费用与周期通常在数千至上万元人民币、4-6 周（经验区间，以实验室报价为准）。② SDS/MSDS 安全数据表——GHS 16 节格式，实务上多数船司要求 3 年内版本。③ 危险品申报文件（DGD）。④ 包装跌落测试报告——按实际出运外包装做 1.2 米角、边、面跌落，测试后不得出现外箱破裂、电池外露或短路风险；除非船司书面豁免，实务上视为必备。

1) UN38.3 test summary — eight tests under Section 38.3 of the UN Manual of Tests and Criteria: T1 altitude simulation, T2 thermal, T3 vibration, T4 shock, T5 external short circuit, T6 impact, T7 overcharge, T8 forced discharge. Issued by accredited labs (SGS, UL, TÜV, CMA); one report per battery model, void on design change. Typical industry cost and lead time run into the thousands of RMB and 4-6 weeks (indicative, lab-dependent). 2) SDS/MSDS in the 16-section GHS format; most carriers want a version issued within three years. 3) Dangerous Goods Declaration (DGD). 4) Packaging drop-test report — 1.2 m drops on corner, edge and face using the actual outer packaging, with no box rupture, cell exposure or short-circuit risk afterwards. Unless the carrier waives it in writing, treat it as mandatory.

2026 新规：IMDG 42-24 修正案的 30% 荷电量红线

2026 update: the 30% state-of-charge rule in IMDG Amendment 42-24

IMDG Code 第 42-24 修正案自 2026 年 1 月 1 日起强制实施，对清洁设备出口影响最大的有三条：其一，大多数海运锂离子电池（含 UN3481 装在设备内的电池）荷电量不得超过额定容量的 30%——去年半电出运没问题的机器，今年可能直接不合规，船司对大容量电池越来越多地要求书面 SOC 确认；其二，锂电池/钠电池驱动的车辆不再适用旧的通用分类，需使用专门 UN 编号；其三，钠离子电池首次被纳入第9类，不能再按普货走。采购锂电整机时，务必在订单里写明“出运前放电至额定容量 30% 以内”，并要求工厂出具 SOC 声明。

IMDG Amendment 42-24 became mandatory on 1 January 2026. Three changes matter most for cleaning equipment. First, most lithium-ion batteries offered for sea transport, including those contained in equipment under UN3481, must ship at no more than 30% of rated capacity; carriers increasingly ask for written SOC confirmation on larger packs. Second, lithium- and sodium-ion powered vehicles no longer use the old generic classification and require dedicated UN numbers. Third, sodium-ion batteries are now Class 9 rather than general cargo. Write a 'discharge to ≤30% SOC before shipment' clause into your purchase order and ask the factory for a signed SOC statement.

标签、包装与装柜控制

Labels, packaging and container control

外包装必须正确张贴 Class 9 锂电池危险品菱形标签 与 锂电池标记（Lithium Battery Mark），标记上须含 UN 编号与 24 小时应急联系电话。标识缺失或贴错，船司有权直接拒装。包装结构必须与跌落测试时完全一致——换了纸箱厚度、内衬或托盘方式，原报告即作废。装柜环节要避免重压、碰撞与高温暴晒，部分船司会额外索取装箱声明。电池端子必须绝缘处理，整机运输时应断开主电源回路或加装运输锁，防止运输途中意外通电。

The outer packaging must carry the Class 9 lithium battery hazard label and the Lithium Battery Mark showing the UN number and a 24-hour emergency telephone number. Missing or wrong marks are grounds for refusal at loading. Packaging must match the drop-tested configuration exactly — change the carton grade, inner cushioning or palletisation and the report no longer applies. During stuffing, avoid crushing loads, impact and high-temperature exposure; some carriers request a container packing declaration. Terminals must be insulated and the main circuit disconnected or transport-locked so the machine cannot energise in transit.

海运 vs 空运 vs 陆运：怎么选

Sea vs air vs land

海运（IMDG） 是清洁设备批量出口的默认方式：成本最低、无单箱净重上限，但需提前约 7 天做危申，并受 30% SOC 新规约束。空运（IATA DGR） 成本最高，UN3480 单独电池归 PI965，仅限全货机，且强制放电至 SOC≤30%，需提前 72 小时向航司报审——只适合样机与紧急备件。跨境陆运（ADR 2025）/ 中欧班列（RID） 处于中间档，无强制 SOC 上限（建议控制在 50% 以内），需专用危险品车辆与持证驾驶员。特别提醒：三种运输方式的鉴定报告不可互用，用海运版报告走空运会被直接扣货。

Sea (IMDG) is the default for volume orders: lowest cost, no per-carton net weight cap, but DG declaration roughly seven days ahead and the new 30% SOC limit apply. Air (IATA DGR) is the most expensive; standalone UN3480 falls under PI965 and is cargo-aircraft-only, discharge to ≤30% SOC is mandatory, and airlines typically review DG paperwork 72 hours in advance — suitable only for samples and urgent spares. Cross-border road (ADR 2025) and China-Europe rail (RID) sit in between, with no legal SOC cap (≤50% recommended) but dedicated DG vehicles and certified drivers. Critically, transport-mode identification reports are not interchangeable: presenting a sea report for an air shipment gets the cargo held.

采购方（买家）验单清单：下单前问供应商这 7 个问题

Buyer's document checklist: seven questions before you place the order

1) 电池型号的 UN38.3 测试摘要能否提供 PDF？报告上的型号与实际装机型号是否一致？2) SDS 出具日期是否在 3 年内、是否英文版？3) 有无按实际外包装做的 1.2 米跌落测试报告？4) 出运 SOC 能否控制在 30% 以内并出具书面声明？5) 外箱是否已印制 Class 9 标签与含 UN 编号、应急电话的锂电池标记？6) 备用电池是否与整机分开申报？7) 目的国是否有额外准入要求（如欧盟电池法规的合规责任人）？ApexClean（常州永乐环境工程有限公司）为锂电洗地机、扫地机与电瓶吸尘器整机出口随附上述完整文件包，25 年制造与出口经验，产品通过 CE 认证、体系符合 ISO 9001。

1) Can you send the UN38.3 test summary PDF, and does the model on it match the cells actually installed? 2) Is the SDS in English and issued within the last three years? 3) Is there a 1.2 m drop-test report on the actual export packaging? 4) Can you ship at ≤30% SOC and issue a written statement? 5) Are the Class 9 label and Lithium Battery Mark (with UN number and emergency phone) pre-printed on the cartons? 6) Are spare batteries declared separately from the machines? 7) Are there destination-country requirements beyond transport compliance? ApexClean (Changzhou Yongle Environmental Engineering Co., Ltd.) supplies the full document pack with lithium scrubbers, sweepers and battery vacuums, backed by 25 years of manufacturing and export experience, CE-certified products and ISO 9001 aligned processes.

最容易踩的 5 个坑

Five mistakes that cost the most

① 误报普货——被查出即扣柜、罚款并列入船司黑名单，这是行业内最严重的红线。② 报告型号对不上——工厂换了电芯供应商却沿用旧报告，船司审单一眼识破。③ 包装与测试不一致——为省成本临时换纸箱，跌落报告即失效。④ 二手/膨胀/受损电池出运——任何船司都不接收。⑤ 忽略目的国合规——UN38.3 解决的是运输环节，不等于目的国市场准入；欧盟还需 CE、必要时需电池法规相关文件。建议在合同中明确文件责任归属与延误赔偿条款。

1) Declaring DG as general cargo — detention, fines and carrier blacklisting; this is the industry's hard red line. 2) Report/model mismatch after the factory switches cell suppliers. 3) Packaging that no longer matches the drop-tested configuration. 4) Attempting to ship second-hand, swollen or damaged cells, which no carrier accepts. 5) Assuming UN38.3 equals market access — transport compliance is not destination compliance; the EU still requires CE and, where applicable, battery-regulation documentation. Put document responsibility and delay liability in the contract.