港区清扫频次不是管理偏好，是写进监管文件的硬指标

Sweeping frequency in a port is a regulated number, not a housekeeping preference

很多港口运营方把地面清扫当作可松可紧的保洁事项，实际上在国内多地的港口扬尘监管文件里，清扫频次是可被通报考核的量化指标。连云港市健全港口码头粉尘防治长效监管工作方案的监管标准明确要求：配备流动清扫车、洒水车或喷扫两用车，港区地面每天清扫频次不低于 4 次。日照市港口扬尘管控指导意见则规定：港区应配备足够数量的清扫车、洒水车等清洁车辆并保持长期正常运行，港区疏港道路和港区内道路每天清扫或吸尘不应少于两次、洒水不少于四次；恶劣大风天气应加大清扫与洒水频率，冬季严寒道路结冰不适合洒水时，应加大清扫除尘次数。这两条直接决定了设备台数与班次的测算基准，而不是先买机器再排班。

Many terminal operators treat yard sweeping as a flexible housekeeping item. In Chinese port dust-control regulations it is a quantified, auditable metric. The Lianyungang municipal programme for long-term supervision of port dust control requires terminals to deploy mobile sweepers, water trucks or combined sweep-and-spray vehicles, and sets ground sweeping in the port area at no less than 4 times per day. The Rizhao municipal guidance requires ports to keep an adequate number of sweepers and water trucks in continuous service, with port access roads and internal roads swept or vacuumed no less than twice daily and watered no less than four times daily, increasing both frequencies in severe windy weather, and increasing sweeping frequency in winter when road icing makes watering unsuitable. These numbers set the baseline for fleet sizing and shift planning, rather than buying machines first and scheduling later.

先算台数：用频次倒推设备配置

Size the fleet backwards from the required frequency

配置逻辑应当反过来算。已知港区硬化道路与堆场面积、要求的日清扫次数（4 次或不少于 2 次）、可用作业窗口（避开装卸高峰）、单机有效清扫效率与垃圾箱容量，就能倒推需要几台驾驶式扫地车、几台喷扫两用车。实践中三个变量最容易被低估：一是转场与倒垃圾的非清扫时间，大型堆场垃圾箱小的机型会把一半时间花在往返倾倒上；二是与集卡、堆高机交叉作业造成的等待；三是雨后与大风后的突击清扫需求。留出 20% 到 30% 的冗余产能，是经验做法，具体比例应按现场实测调整。

The calculation should run in reverse. Given the paved road and yard area, the required daily sweeping count of four or at least two, the available working window outside peak handling hours, the effective productivity of a single machine and its hopper capacity, you can derive how many ride-on sweepers or combined units you need. Three variables are routinely underestimated in practice: non-sweeping time spent travelling and emptying, where a small hopper in a large yard can consume half the shift; waiting time from concurrent operations with container trucks and reach stackers; and surge demand after rain or high wind. Building in 20 to 30 percent spare capacity is an experience-based rule of thumb and should be tuned against site measurements.

抑尘的硬件门槛：挡墙、抑尘网、落料落差与含水率

Upstream dust suppression: barrier height, drop height and moisture content

清扫只是链条末端，前端抑尘不做，扫地车永远追不上。地方标准与监管文件给出了几个可直接对照的数值：散货堆场应采用全封闭处理，或在堆场边缘设置混凝土挡墙，挡墙高度一般不低于 2 米，挡墙上方设置防风抑尘网，抑尘网总体高度应比最大堆载高度高出 10% 以上，且高出部分不小于 1 米；使用抓斗卸船时，落料落差不得超过 1.5 米；采用湿法作业时，用防尘布覆盖压实的堆垛无需每天喷淋，但遮盖前和作业前必须喷淋，保证约 8% 的含水率；带式输送机除与装卸设备配套的部分外应采用皮带罩或廊道封闭，落料、卸料处配备吸尘或喷淋设施。这些数值是验收和执法检查时最常被核对的项目。

Sweeping is the last link in the chain, and no sweeper can outrun poor upstream suppression. Local standards and regulatory documents provide directly checkable figures: bulk cargo yards should be fully enclosed, or fitted with a concrete barrier wall at the yard edge generally no lower than 2 metres, topped by a windbreak dust-suppression net whose overall height exceeds the maximum stockpile height by more than 10 percent, with the excess portion not less than 1 metre. When unloading vessels with grabs, the material drop height must not exceed 1.5 metres. For wet operation, compacted stockpiles covered with dust cloth need not be sprayed daily, but spraying is mandatory before covering and before handling, maintaining roughly 8 percent moisture content. Belt conveyors, apart from sections integrated with handling equipment, should be enclosed by belt hoods or galleries, with extraction or spray systems at transfer and discharge points.

车辆冲洗与污水回用：出港口的最后一道关

Wheel wash and water reuse: the last gate before the public road

车辆粘带是港区扬尘外溢到城市道路的主要途径。监管要求是：港口散货运输车辆优先采用封闭车型，敞篷车型必须覆盖封闭；在场区出口处设置车辆清洗专用场地和装置，冲洗范围应包括车轮和车架，确保出场车辆清洁。上海闵行区方案进一步细化：洗车设备宜采用通道式连续洗车作业模式，洗车场地须设在场区出口且便于通行，喷头冲洗范围须覆盖车体两侧高 1.5 米以下部位及整车底盘，并配套建设导流渠与沉淀池，确保冲洗废水经沉淀可循环利用。浙江地方标准还要求废污水处理后纳管或中水回用，回用水可用于抑尘喷淋、场地道路及车辆冲洗、绿化养护。

Track-out from vehicle tyres is the main path by which port dust reaches city streets. Regulations require bulk cargo trucks to be enclosed types where possible, with open bodies fully covered, and a dedicated wheel-wash area and equipment at the site exit, washing both wheels and chassis so vehicles leave clean. The Shanghai Minhang programme goes further: wash equipment should use a drive-through continuous mode, the wash bay must sit at the site exit with easy access, spray coverage must include both sides of the vehicle body below 1.5 metres and the entire underbody, and diversion channels plus a settling tank must be built so wash water can be recycled after settling. A Zhejiang local standard adds that treated wastewater should be discharged to sewer or reused, with reclaimed water applied to dust suppression spraying, site and road washing, vehicle washing and landscape irrigation.

污染物类型决定机型：四种典型工况

Contamination type drives machine selection: four typical duties

港口堆场的污染成分复杂，粉尘、金属屑、砂石、油污、化学品残留并存，机型必须分场景配。砂石、矿粉、煤炭堆场以大颗粒与粉尘为主，适合大型驾驶式扫地车配双刷头与自动振尘滤芯；集装箱堆场以绑扎件、木屑、包装碎片为主，需要耐磨刷与防缠绕设计；机修车间与装卸平台油污重，应上洗地机或工业干湿两用吸尘器；油库与化学品存储区属于易燃易爆环境，必须使用具备 ATEX 或 IECEx 认证的防爆吸尘设备，普通设备禁止入内。潮湿环境下的设备防护等级建议不低于 IP54。

Port yards mix dust, metal fragments, sand and gravel, oil and chemical residues, so machines must be matched to zones. Sand, ore fines and coal yards are dominated by coarse particles and dust, suiting large ride-on sweepers with twin side brooms and automatic filter shakers. Container yards generate lashing hardware, timber fragments and packaging debris, requiring wear-resistant brushes and anti-tangle design. Workshops and handling platforms carry heavy oil contamination, better served by scrubber dryers or industrial wet and dry vacuums. Tank farms and chemical storage areas are flammable or explosive environments where only ATEX or IECEx certified explosion-protected vacuums may enter, and standard equipment is prohibited. In damp coastal conditions an ingress protection rating of IP54 or better is advisable.

别只洒水：先扫后洒与喷扫两用的取舍

Do not just spray water: sweep first, then wet

只洒水不清扫，浮尘会与水结成泥浆，车轮碾压后二次扬尘反而更重，这是港区常见的返工原因。正确顺序是先机械清扫收走颗粒物，再洒水压制残余浮尘；监管文件表述为港区主干路及辅助道路宜采用机械化清扫方式、清扫同时应配以洒水。设备上有两条路线：一是扫地车与洒水车分开配，灵活性高、单机成本低、但需要两班人；二是配喷扫两用车，一趟完成、人效高，但单价更高、水箱与垃圾箱要平衡。中小型港区多选前者，大型港区通常两者并存，并在易起尘路段两侧加装固定式洒水装置保持路面湿润。另外要强调一条红线：严禁直接将港口码头落地的物料清扫入河、入海。

Watering without sweeping turns loose dust into slurry that tyres grind and re-suspend, a common cause of rework in ports. The correct order is mechanical sweeping to remove particulates, followed by watering to suppress residual fines; the regulatory wording is that main and auxiliary roads in the port area should be mechanically swept, with watering applied alongside sweeping. Two equipment routes exist. Separate sweepers and water trucks give flexibility and lower unit cost but need two crews. Combined sweep-and-spray vehicles finish in one pass with better labour productivity but cost more per unit and force a trade-off between water tank and hopper volume. Small and mid-size terminals usually take the first route; large ports commonly run both and add fixed spray systems along dust-prone road sections. One hard rule applies throughout: material spilled on the wharf must never be swept directly into the river or sea.

电动还是柴油：合规压力正在改变答案

Electric or diesel: compliance pressure is changing the answer

港区设备选型正在被排放政策推着走。监管文件要求港区运行车辆逐步使用新能源车辆并建设相关配套设施，鼓励采用低能耗低污染非道路移动机械，能够采用新能源的小型机械和车辆应逐步更换；严禁使用冒黑烟的港作机械，港作机械与车辆必须使用满足国家要求的柴油；同时要求港口企业配套建设岸电设施。对采购而言，这意味着纯电动驾驶式扫地车在港区的政策友好度明显高于柴油机型，且夜间作业噪声更低。取舍点在续航与充电：需要按班次时长与充电桩位置核算，堆场无电源接口区域应优先选大容量锂电机型并规划补电点。

Emissions policy is steering port equipment selection. Regulations require port vehicles to migrate progressively to new energy types with supporting infrastructure, encourage low-energy and low-emission non-road mobile machinery, and require small machines and vehicles to be replaced with new energy versions where feasible. Port machinery emitting black smoke is prohibited outright, diesel used by port machinery and vehicles must meet national fuel requirements, and terminals must build shore power facilities. For procurement this means battery-electric ride-on sweepers enjoy a clearly friendlier policy position than diesel units, with the added benefit of lower noise for night work. The trade-off sits in runtime and charging: size the battery against shift length and plan charging points, and in yard areas without power connections favour high-capacity lithium models with planned top-up locations.

招标清单模板：八项必须写清楚的参数

Tender template: eight parameters to state explicitly

一，清扫宽度与理论/实际作业效率（平方米每小时）；二，垃圾箱容积与倾倒高度，是否满足现场垃圾斗高度；三，过滤系统与自动振尘方式，能否应对矿粉级细尘；四，防护等级与防腐处理，沿海高盐雾环境需专门说明；五，刷体材质与防缠绕设计；六，动力形式、电池容量、单次续航与充电时长；七，噪声值，夜间作业区需明确；八，备件与本地服务响应时间。ApexClean 隶属常州永乐环境工程有限公司，25 年清洁设备制造与出口经验，通过 CE 与 ISO9001 体系，可按港区面积、货种与清扫频次要求出具设备配置与台数测算方案。

One, sweeping width and both theoretical and realistic productivity in square metres per hour. Two, hopper volume and dumping height, checked against the site skip height. Three, filtration system and filter-shaking method, and whether it copes with ore-fine dust. Four, ingress protection and corrosion treatment, with a specific statement for high salt-spray coastal sites. Five, brush material and anti-tangle design. Six, power type, battery capacity, runtime per charge and charging time. Seven, noise level, which must be stated for night-work zones. Eight, spare parts and local service response time. ApexClean, part of Changzhou Yongle Environmental Engineering Co., Ltd., with 25 years in cleaning equipment manufacturing and export and CE and ISO9001 certification, prepares equipment configuration and fleet-size calculations based on yard area, cargo type and required sweeping frequency.